Disorder (PAD), or Parental Alienation (PA) When Child Maltreatment is of Concern
APSAC stands opposed to the use of PAS, PAD, and PA as a presumptive explanation for child resistance, refusal, and fear of contact with the less preferred parent in contested child custody cases. Science and careful evaluations of the causes of child resistance, refusal, and fear of contact in particular cases should guide investigations by Child Protective Services and evaluations by child custody experts.